The difference between permanent and soft!

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Functional materials often called permanent magnet materials, also known as the hard magnetic material, and soft functional materials often called soft magnetic materials. This does not refer to a hard and soft on the mechanical properties of the hard and soft, but rather on the magnetic properties of the hard and soft. After literally means applied magnetic magnetized magnetic material to be able to retain their ferromagnetic long (short magnetic), characterized in that the coercive force (coercive field) is high. Coercivity magnetic material magnetized later that a residual magnetism after demagnetization (residual magnetic flux density and residual magnetization) of the magnetic field strength is reduced to zero. The soft magnetic material is both easy magnetization of magnetic field, and easy to demagnetization, the low coercivity magnetic material. Refers to the applied magnetic field demagnetization (referred to as magnetic field) after magnetizing the magnetic material, combined with the magnetic field of the magnetic field in the opposite direction to decrease the magnetic field.magnetic filter
And the use of permanent magnet materials is found a class of magnetic materials are the earliest. China's earliest inventions of the guide device (known as Ian) is the use of natural magnetite made of permanent magnet materials. Now not only are many kinds of permanent magnet material, but use is also very extensive.
The permanent magnetic material is mainly used with four magnetic properties:
(1) a high maximum energy product. Maximum energy product [symbol (bh) m] is a permanent storage unit volume of material and the available maximum magnetic energy density measurement;
(2) high coercivity (magnetic) force. Coercivity [symbol (h) c] is a permanent magnet material to resist magnetic and non-magnetic interference while maintaining its permanent nature of the measure;
(3) high residual magnetic flux density (symbol br) and a high residual magnetization (symbol mr). They are permanent magnetic material having an air gap of the air gap magnetic field intensity measure;
(4) high stability, i.e. the applied magnetic field and the degree of disturbance, vibration and other environmental factors, changes in high stability.
Important permanent magnet materials currently used are:
(1) rare earth permanent magnet material, which is currently the highest maximum energy product of a large class of permanent magnetic material, the rare-earth element and iron group element as a main component an intermetallic compound (also known as intermetallic compounds). Development and production of NdFeB permanent magnet material is alloy.
(2) metal permanent magnet materials, which is a large class of applications development and early iron and iron group elements (such as nickel, cobalt, etc.) as an important component of the alloy type permanent magnet materials, mainly aluminum, nickel and cobalt ( alnico) system and the iron-chromium-cobalt (fecrco) two categories based permanent magnet alloy. Alnico magnet alloy performance and cost is moderate, early development, performance and manufacturing processes with the chemical composition varies over a wide range, it is also a wide range of applications. Iron-chromium-cobalt permanent magnet alloy is characterized by moderate performance, but its mechanical properties can be a variety of machining and cold or hot plastic deformation, can be made into a tubular, sheet or linear permanent magnet materials for a variety of special applications.samarium cobalt magnet
    (3) ferrite permanent magnet material, which is the main component fe2o3 composite oxide magnetic materials (narrow) and magnetically ordered materials such as anti-ferromagnetic material (generalized). Which is characterized by high electrical resistivity, is particularly advantageous in high frequency and microwave applications. Such as barium ferrite (bafe12o19) and strontium ferrite (srfe12o19) and others have many applications.
    In addition to the above three categories permanent magnet materials, there are some manufacturers, have their own characteristics and applications of magnetic permanent magnet material. Permanent magnet materials such as powders, nano-magnetic materials, permanent adhesive plastic material (can be used in the refrigerator door closed), permanent magnet materials can be processed.
    Many kinds of soft magnetic materials and versatile, with five main types of magnetic properties:
    (1) high magnetic permeability. Permeability (symbol μ) is a measure of the magnetic field sensitivity;
    (2) low magnetic coercivity hc shows both susceptible to external magnetic field, and susceptible to demagnetization magnetic field, or other factors, and the magnetic loss is low;
    (3) a high saturation magnetic flux density and a high bs saturation magnetization ms. So easier to obtain a high magnetic permeability μ and low coercivity hc, magnetic energy density can be improved;
    (4) low magnetic loss and power loss. This requires a low coercivity and high resistivity hc;
    (5) high stability, which requires a soft magnetic characteristics for the degree of vibration and other environmental factors, and high stability.
    The soft key currently used materials are:
   (1) iron - silicon (fe-si) based soft magnetic materials, often called silicon is widely used in magnetic motor industry. The non-oriented magnetic system fe-si alloy (i), a single orientation fe-si alloy (ⅱ), bioriented fe-si alloy (ⅲ), special handling fe-si alloy (ⅳ) and amorphous fe- si-b material (v) the magnetic and electrical losses decreased with the age of the progress p.
   (2) Iron - Nickel (fe-ni)-based soft magnetic alloy is magnetic permeability μ and low coercivity hc good performance soft magnetic materials, has a wide range of applications.
   (3) soft ferrite materials, the advantage is very high resistivity can be at a high frequency and ultra high frequency of use in a variety of communications and electronics devices has important applications.
   (4) amorphous and nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials, soft magnetic materials, was developed in the late 20th century, a new soft magnetic materials. Amorphous soft magnetic material is characterized by the manufacturing process is relatively simple, a wide range of chemical composition, magnetic isotropic uniform and good (because there is no grain structure). The appropriate component of the amorphous soft magnetic material by the appropriate heat treatment, the amorphous state to be the grain diameter of nanoscale crystalline soft magnetic material, it can get a good soft magnetic material.
   (5) other soft magnetic materials. Select the appropriate chemical composition and suitable manufacturing process, can be obtained with a specific soft magnetic properties of soft magnetic material. For example, a high-energy and magnetization of iron - cobalt (fe-co)-based soft magnetic alloy with high electrical resistivity of iron - aluminum (fe-al)-based soft magnetic alloy with magnetic anisotropy and magnetostriction converges to zero Fe - Si - Al (fe-si-al) and so on.